- 快速支援部隊率同民兵組織進攻蘇丹西達爾富爾省首府朱奈納，殺害至少數千人並導致數十萬人淪為難民。
- 疑似以迫其至少永久遷離為目的，對馬撒利特人和其他非阿拉伯社群施加嚴重暴行，構成種族清洗罪。
- 聯合國和非洲聯盟應立即對蘇丹實施武器禁運，對嚴重犯罪責任人實施制裁，並部署特派團以保護平民。
（內羅比）－人權觀察今天發表的報告中指出，快速支援部隊（Rapid Support Forces，簡稱RSF）率同民兵組織進攻蘇丹西達爾富爾省首府朱奈納（El Geneina），殺害至少數千人並導致數十萬人淪為難民。發生這些危害人類罪行和廣泛戰爭罪行的背景，是對朱奈納市內和周圍馬撒利特（Massalit）族群和其他非阿拉伯裔人口的族群清洗行動。
這份218頁的報告《「馬撒利特人將不再回家」：蘇丹西達爾富爾省朱奈納的族群清洗和危害人類罪行》記錄快速支援部隊（與蘇丹政府軍武裝衝突中的一支獨立軍隊）以及主要屬於阿拉伯裔的同盟民兵組織，包括武裝團體塔馬祖伊第三陣線（the Third-Front Tamazuj），以朱奈納市馬撒利特人佔多數社區為目標，從4月到6月進行的數波殘酷攻擊。攻擊者還犯下其他暴行，例如酷刑、強姦和搶劫。自2023年4月迄今，已有超過50萬難民從西達爾富爾逃往乍得。截至2023年10月下旬，百分之75的難民來自朱奈納。
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Jamal Abdullah Khamis, Human Rights Lawyer from El Geneina
Of everything that happened what disturbed me most was what happened at the Mohamed Adam Clinic.
When I walked in, I found my friend Mudather in the southeast corner of the clinic.
It was as if he was sleeping.
He didn’t look like he was dead.
He looked completely normal.
But in fact, he was dead.
When I arrived, they told me that he’d been shot in the back by a bullet.
They told me he was shot with a DShK gun because the bullet was big.
It went in, and it didn’t come out.
Narration by Mohamed Osman, researcher, Human Rights Watch
On April 15, 2023, war breaks out in Sudan.
It marks an escalation of the power struggle between two military leaders who have vied for power since they jointly overthrew a power-sharing government in October 2021.
The war pits the military against an autonomous force known as the Rapid Support Forces, or RSF.
By April 24, 2023, the conflict spreads to El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur.
The atrocities that follow are documented by Jamal and other local human rights activists with the aim of bringing those responsible to justice.
Jamal Abdullah Khamis, Human Rights Lawyer from El Geneina
I was at al-Sadaqa Clinic on April 24, from the first day of the events, with a group of my colleagues from our organization.
We were working in the clinic.
Our role was documenting violations against the injured and the dead.
Everyone who was brought to the clinic we would document.
The number, their names, (ethnic) backgrounds and information.
We were documenting all of these things.
Narration by Mohamed Osman, researcher, Human Rights Watch
Jamal and his colleagues notice a pattern to the killings.
The RSF and allied Arab militias were targeting doctors, lawyers and human rights activists.
Majority-Massalit neighborhoods and camps for internally displaced people were also being systematically targeted.
The violence feels all too familiar to Jamal and others in West Darfur state, who recall fleeing their home villages in the early 2000s after being attacked by the Janjaweed, the predecessor of the RSF.
Thousands were displaced, including many Massalit people.
They found refuge in the camps for internally displaced people that swelled the outskirts of El Geneina.
The conflict then occurred against a backdrop of long-standing tensions over land and other resources between non-Arab farmers, such as the Massalit, and nomadic Arab communities who were starting to settle.
On June 15th, 2023, RSF and Arab militias overwhelm the remaining Massalit-majority neighborhoods.
Tens of thousands of Massalit and other non-Arabs try to flee central El Geneina for its northern suburb of Ardamata, where there’s a Sudanese Armed Forces base.
The RSF and militias attack the convoy, injuring and killing men, women, and children.
Jamal Abdullah Khamis, Human Rights Lawyer from El Geneina
I was accompanying my (injured) friend, Yousef Haroun Kabello.
Minutes later around eight militiamen appeared wearing RSF uniforms.
There were others with them from these well-known Arab militias.
They were arguing with people.
They stopped the cars.
They opened fire on us.
They shot at the chests of children, women, old and young men.
It was a harrowing scene.
We thought about how to escape.
But we needed a way to escape.
How were we going to escape?
They started chasing people down the valley and firing on people who were in the water.
It was terrifying.
We couldn’t go back or move forward.
We hid in some grass and bushes on the edge of the valley.
That was at dawn on (June) 15th before sunrise.
Then a chance came to run back.
In al-Majliss neighborhood we experienced something terrifying.
When we were going down the street we saw bodies everywhere, of women and children.
They were the bodies of people we knew personally.
But you can’t stop and help someone who is dead in the street.
We kept running because we were being chased.
TEXT: The killings continue for several days in El Geneina and on the road to Chad, where tens of thousands of civilians, including Jamal, flee in search of refuge.
Jamal Abdullah Khamis, Human Rights Lawyer from El Geneina
I found someone I knew and said, “Let my friend Kabello ride with you, he’s injured. It’s not a problem, I’ll walk behind with everyone else.”
He said, “My car is full, but he can get in.”
After a while we were attacked.
Bullets started showering us from all directions and people were being killed.
A child of around nine years old, came to me crying hysterically and was holding on to me.
While we were walking, we came to a big trench.
But the militiamen probably saw us going in there, because they were nearby.
They forced us out and started beating us, torturing us, and firing just over our heads.
They were arguing about whether to kill us or not.
Those who had belongings, they took them.
I had my two mobile phones, a USB stick, and some cash.
The nine-year-old child was lying down by my side.
The beating and torturing intensified, they were using a metal rod, some sticks, and whips to beat us.
We were lying on our stomachs, and he stood up.
The young boy couldn’t handle it anymore.
They shot him in the head, and his head exploded.
He died immediately.
A second group also started beating and interrogating us.
They asked what tribes we were from.
If you answered that you are Massalit, they would kill you immediately.
I denied that I am Massalit even though I am Massalit.
They pressured me, and I told them I am from the Bargo tribe.
They brought someone to talk to me in the Bargo language and I replied because I know how to speak it.
He said, “Brother, go.”
We entered Chad.
We were shocked to see Chadian officials in front of us.
Chadian military uniforms are very similar to RSF uniforms.
They were also carrying whips.
They all had a whip and a gun.
The RSF have the same.
When our group ran towards them (the troops) they told us to stop running.
We were surprised, and thought it was the RSF again.
We ran back towards Adikong (in Sudan).
The soldiers ran after us and said, “We are Chadian officials.”
We weren’t convinced until we saw the Chadian flag on their uniform.
“We’re Chadian officials. This is Chad, you are safe.”
“Many of your people arrived here before you. Welcome.”
I was very tired, and they took me to the hospital.
When I was in the hospital, who did I find?
The man who was with me.
My friend Kabello that I helped into the car.
He made it, and they took him to the hospital.
That was our horrific journey.
Despite the huge shock and gruesome massacres that happened in West Darfur, I still have a lot of hope.
Life in refugee camps and abroad is very tough.
It’s no place to live.
I have hope that El Geneina will recover, and we will go back soon.
That depends on rebuilding the justice system.
We need justice to be carried out.
We need the principles of human rights and international law.
That speak of the dignity of human life and the dignity of people.
If these are embodied in West Darfur, then there is hope that we can return to El Geneina.
The international community should deploy a mission to protect civilians in Sudan.
TEXT: The international community should also impose sanctions against those responsible for atrocities and establish an arms embargo on Sudan.
「當聯合國安全理事會和各國政府在法希爾（El Fasher）警覺到災難迫近之際，發生在朱奈納的大規模暴行應被視為警訊，不採取一致行動便可能迎來暴行，」人權觀察組織執行長蒂拉娜・哈桑（Tirana Hassan）說。「各國政府、非洲聯盟和聯合國必須立即採取行動保護平民。」
以馬撒利特人和其他非阿拉伯社群為目標，疑似為了迫使他們永久遷離而加以嚴重侵犯，構成種族清洗罪行。此外，這次大範圍殺戮發生前後的具體情況顯示，快速支援部隊及其盟友可能企圖至少在西達爾富爾州消滅全部或部分馬撒利特人，亦即他們已經及／或正在當地實施種族滅絕罪行。
在2023年6月至2024年4月期間，人權觀察在乍得、烏干達、肯尼亞和南蘇丹實地及遠距採訪了220餘人。研究人員還檢視並分析了120餘幅事故照片和影片、衛星影像以及人道救濟組織分享的文件，為當地發生嚴重暴行的說法提供佐證。
朱奈納暴行發生在蘇丹首都喀土穆爆發戰鬥的九天之後，交戰雙方分別是蘇丹武裝部隊（SAF，即蘇丹政府軍）和快速支援部隊（RSF）。4月24日上午，RSF與途徑朱奈納的SAF車隊發生衝突。隨後，RSF及其同盟團體襲擊馬撒利特人佔多數社區，與保衛自己社區的馬撒利特武裝團體發生衝突。接下來幾個星期，甚至在馬撒利特武裝團體已失去對其社區控制之後，RSF及其同盟民兵仍對無武裝平民進行有計劃的攻擊。
6月15日，RSF及其盟友開火攻擊一支綿延數公里、由馬撒利特武裝團體護衛的平民逃難隊伍。RSF和民兵團體追逐、包圍和槍殺沿街逃跑或試圖泳渡卡賈河（Kajja）急流的男女老少。許多人因此溺斃。老人和傷患也未能倖免。
一名17歲少年描述了分屬不同家庭的12名兒童和5名成人遇害的情況：「兩名RSF士兵⋯⋯把孩子從父母身邊拉走，父母們大聲尖叫，另外兩名RSF便開槍把這些父母打死。然後，他們把孩子們聚成一堆，對他們射擊。他們把孩子們的屍體扔進河裡，再把他們的行李也扔下去。」
當天和隨後幾天，數以萬計試圖越境進入乍得的平民持續遇襲，鄉間屍橫遍野。一些當時發布的影片顯示，朱奈納通往乍得的公路沿途都有大批平民成群結隊逃命。
人權觀察也記錄到馬撒利特武裝團體殺害阿拉伯裔居民、劫掠阿裔社區的行為，以及蘇丹武裝部隊在居民區使用爆炸武器，對平民和民用物體造成不必要傷害的行為。
11月，RSF和同盟民兵的暴行進一步升級，他們蓄意攻擊在朱奈納郊區阿爾達馬塔（Ardamata）避難的馬撒利特人，圍捕馬撒利特男性與男童，據聯合國資料至少有1千人被殺害。
在前述暴行期間，婦女和女童遭到強姦和其他形式的性暴力，被捕者受到酷刑或虐待。攻擊方以流離失所的馬撒利特人佔多數社區中的居民區和機關學校為目標，有計劃地摧毁重要民用基礎設施。他們先將居民驅趕一空，然後大肆掠奪、縱火、砲轟，將居民區徹底夷平。
人權觀察表示，前述各項行為是針對馬撒利特人和馬撒利特人佔多數社區的其他非阿拉伯裔平民的廣泛有計劃攻擊的一環，因此也構成蓄意殺人、酷刑、迫害和強迫遷移平民人口等危害人類罪行。
達爾富爾可能已經及／或正在發生種族滅絕，亟需各國政府和國際機構採取緊急行動保護平民。各國政府和國際機構應確保就相關事實進行調查，確定RSF領導人及其盟友一方是否具有全部或部分消滅西達爾富爾地區馬撒利特人和其他非阿拉伯裔族群——即種族滅絕——的特定意圖。若確定存在這種意圖，就應採取行動防止種族滅絕的進一步實施，並確保對其策劃與實施負有責任者被依法究責。
國際社會應支持國際刑事法院的調查工作，該法院締約國則應確保法院以其經常預算獲得足夠財源以履行其在達爾富爾及所有待審案件中的職責。
人權觀察確認，對實施前述各項罪行的部隊負有指揮責任者包括RSF指揮官穆罕默德・「赫梅迪」・哈姆丹・達加洛（Mohammed “Hemedti” Hamdan Dagalo）、他的兄弟阿卜杜勒・拉希姆・哈姆丹・達加洛（Abdel Raheem Hamdan Dagalo）和西達爾富爾RSF指揮官裘馬・巴拉卡拉（Joma’a Barakallah）。人權觀察並指出對犯下嚴重罪行的戰鬥人員負有責任的RSF盟友，包括一名塔馬祖伊武裝團體指揮官和兩名阿拉伯裔部落首領。
聯合國應與非洲聯盟協調，緊急部署新的特派團以保護蘇丹瀕危平民。聯合國安理會應實施針對制裁，懲罰在西達爾富爾犯下嚴重罪行的責任人以及已經或正在違反武器禁運的個人和企業。同時，安理會應將目前對達爾富爾的武器禁運擴大，使其涵蓋蘇丹全境。
「全球在如此嚴重的暴行面前無所作為是不可原諒的，」哈桑說。「各國政府應確保相關責任人受到究責，包括通過針對制裁以及加强與國際刑事法院合作。」
